During this time, she presided over a distinctive late French Renaissance culture in all branches of the arts. He noted that "each had shown valour in the joust". The next pope, Alessandro Farnese, was elected on 13 October and took the title Paul III. Francis II of France was born on January 19, 1544 and died on December 5, 1560. Jeanne d'Albret wrote to her son, Henry: "I am not free to talk with either the King or Madame, only the Queen Mother, who goads me [, Holt, 83. Henry's death thrust Catherine into the political arena as mother of the frail 15-year-old King Francis II. [113], Catherine believed in the humanist ideal of the learned Renaissance prince whose authority depended on letters as well as arms. The problems facing the monarchy were complex and daunting. Mary Queen Of Scots Queen Mary Queen Elizabeth French History Tudor History … Francis II of France's sister, Margaret of Valois, died on March 27, 1615 as he was 61 years old. House Mary’s Death Mask CATHOLIC REPORT OF QUEEN MARY’S EXECUTION (By an anonymous “Catholic witness” present at the execution.) With Marie of Guise shut up in an Edinburgh fortress, the two men were forced to negotiate a peace that was disadvantageous to France. As the siege dragged on, voices called for Catherine to be killed and exposed naked and chained to the city walls. The couple had no children, whether because of their youth (he was 13 when they married, she was 15) or because of his undescended testicles (yes, the court knew and talked about these…). Sutherland. His troops surprised the rebels and killed many of them on the spot, including the commander, La Renaudie. Francis II (January 19, 1544 – December 5, 1560) was a monarch of the House of Valois-Angoulême who was King of France from 1559 to 1560. Spouse "[70] When Jeanne did come to court, Catherine pressured her hard,[71] playing on Jeanne's hopes for her beloved son. Her efforts won Catherine new respect from the French people. As Guise entered the king's chamber, the Forty-five plunged their blades into his body, and he died at the foot of the king's bed. When King Francis I died on 31 March 1547, Catherine became queen consort of France. Knecht 1998, p. 8 (dates of death); Héritier 1963, p. 15 (cause of Madeleine's death). He was baptized on February 10, 1544 at the Chapelle des Trinitaires in Fontainebleau. Mary became Queen of France when Henry II died the following year, but Francis died prematurely in 1560. Having taken refuge at the fortress of Dunbar, Marie of Guise asked France for help. In an age of civil war and declining respect for the monarchy, she sought to bolster royal prestige through lavish cultural display. He succeeded his father 14 months later. [42], In June 1560, Michel de l'Hôpital was appointed Chancellor of France. Iacopo Orsini, Lord of Monterotondo and Bracciano. He planned to block Henry of Navarre's succession and place Henry's Catholic uncle Cardinal Charles de Bourbon on the throne instead. The crown was so heavy that nobles had to hold it in place for him. In the Treaty of Nemours, signed on 7 July 1585, he was forced to give in to all the League's demands, even that he pay its troops. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. https://www.theanneboleynfiles.com/jousting-a-dangerous-sport [94] The death of the heir to the throne in 1584 prompted the Duke of Guise to assume the leadership of the Catholic League. I'd love to send you a lovingly curated list of wonderful contemporary resources right away - and new blog posts as they come live. It was Mary Stuart, the doomed, charming, and controversial Queen of Scotland, who said shortly before her death, "In my end is my beginning." Francis II became king at the age of fifteen. The Spanish ambassador told Philip II that the abscess was about to burst.[101]. This lends some weight to the suggestion that people were labelled 'witches' simply because they did not act the way a woman should (humble and grateful), or simply to suit personal agendas. Some even suggested that she be handed over to the troops to be used for their sexual gratification. Francis II's reign was dominated by religious crisis. Mary, Queen of Scotland Married: April 24, 1558 Notre Dame Cathedral He also was very fond of cross dressing. After the Edict of Beaulieu, they had started forming local leagues to protect their religion. [122] Owing to its synthesis of dance, music, verse, and setting, the production of the Ballet Comique de la Reine in 1581 is regarded by scholars as the first authentic ballet. The Protestants looked for leadership first to Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre, the First Prince of the Blood, and then, with more success, to his brother, Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, who backed a plot to overthrow the Guises by force. Because Paris was held by enemies of the crown, Catherine had to be buried provisionally at Blois. "[129] Catherine also commissioned Germain Pilon to carve the marble sculpture that contains Henry II's heart. Catherine did not hesitate to exploit her new authority. On the first day of his reign, Francis II instructed his four ministers to take orders from his mother, but since she was still in mourning for the loss of her husband, she directed them to the House of Guise. For the next ten days, Henry's state fluctuated. Of course in the end after his mother died, of which he said that at last he would really be King, he was assassinated. Clement housed Catherine in the Palazzo Medici Riccardi in Florence, where she lived in state. With the marriage of Francis II and Mary Stuart, the future of Scotland was linked to that of France. [23] According to the court chronicler Brantôme, "many people advised the king and the Dauphin to repudiate her, since it was necessary to continue the line of France". On December 23, 1560, the body of Francis II was interred in the Saint-Denis Basilica by the Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon. His interest in the tasks of government, however, proved fitful. The imperial ambassador reported that in the presence of guests, Henry would sit on Diane's lap and play the guitar, chat about politics, or fondle her breasts. Henri II, 5th duke de Guise, tried unsuccessfully to revive the family’s power; the direct line expired with the death of his grand-nephew in 1675. Corrections? Catherine had at least taken the precaution of marrying Margaret, her youngest daughter, to Navarre. Once in control of the royal purse, she launched a programme of artistic patronage that lasted for three decades. [82], Henry married Louise de Lorraine-Vaudémont in February 1575, two days after his coronation. [4] Without Catherine, it is unlikely that her sons would have remained in power. [33] There is reason to believe she was party to the decision when on 23 August Charles IX is said to have ordered, "Then kill them all! [55] Catherine, however, was delighted with the death of her ally. Francis II was born on January 19, 1544, at the ‘Château de Fontainebleau,’ France. Multiple diseases have been suggested, such as mastoiditis, meningitis, or otitis exacerbated into an abscess. The Path to Somerset is the latest in the Seymour Saga – have you read it yet? In 1578, she took on the task of pacifying the south. [141] Entertaining individuals that appeared to subvert the natural religious order during the most intense period of witch hunting[142] and a time of great religious conflict was therefore an easy way to arouse suspicion. The retaliation continued for several weeks, and almost twelve hundred people died. Title On March 8, 1560, the king signed an edict granting general amnesty to Protestants. Due to that threat, the royal council decided, under the influence of Queen Catherine de' Medici, to make some concessions. Religion Learn how your comment data is processed. Catherine saw little of her husband in their first year of marriage, but the ladies of the court, impressed with her intelligence and keenness to please, treated her well. Announcing our NEW encyclopedia for Kids! Francis II of France's brother, Charles IX of France, died on May 30, 1574 as he was 23 years old. [120], Many of Caron's paintings, such as those of the Triumphs of the Seasons, are of allegorical subjects that echo the festivities for which Catherine's court was famous. Francis II of France's sister, Claude of Valois, died on February 21, 1575 as he was 27 years old. Successor It was designed by Francesco Primaticcio (1504–1570), with sculpture by Germain Pilon (1528–1590). When Francis II died in 1560, she became regent on behalf of her 10-year-old son King Charles IX and was thus granted sweeping powers. Catherine pressed Jeanne d'Albret to attend court. Catherine also gave patronage to the Ruggeri brothers, who were renowned astrologers, but were also known for their involvement in necromancy and the black arts. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. I see him rushing towards his ruin. "[88] The death of her youngest son was a calamity for Catherine's dynastic dreams. [65] "We have come to the determination to die, all of us", Jeanne wrote to Catherine, "rather than abandon our God, and our religion. [146] In any event, the rumours have made a mark on Catherine's reputation over time, and there are now many dramaticised works about her involvement in the occult. Jeanne finally agreed to the marriage between her son and Margaret, so long as Henry could remain a Huguenot. They formed an alliance with England and seized town after town in France. At times he even felt well enough to dictate letters and listen to music. Kill them all! Unlike his brothers, he came to the throne as a grown man. Huguenot writers branded Catherine a scheming Italian, who had acted on Machiavelli's principles to kill all enemies in one blow. He called her not only the mother of the king but the mother of the state. From 1560 to 1563, she ruled France as regent for her son Charles IX. The papal nuncio Salviati observed, "it is only with difficulty that we can imagine there will be offspring ... physicians and those who know him well say that he has an extremely weak constitution and will not live long." His cause of death was childbirth. It has been suggested that Catherine educated her son, Henry III, in the dark arts,[143] and that "the two devoted themselves to sorceries that were scandals of the age". I have done to him what he was going to do to me. He knew if he did not recant his Protestant faith he would face constant challenges when France needed stability. The fourteen-year-old couple left their wedding ball at midnight to perform their nuptial duties. Francis passed away on December 5, 1560 at the age of 16 in Orléans, France. He acceded to the throne in 1559, aged only 14, after the accidental death of his father Henri II from a jousting accident. A secret clause signed by the queen provided that Scotland would become part of France if the royal couple did not have children. Elizabeth I of England's execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, on 8 February 1587 outraged the Catholic world. Catherine now rallied both Huguenot and Catholic forces to retake Le Havre from the English. At the age of fifty-nine, she embarked on an eighteen-month journey around the south of France to meet Huguenot leaders face to face. To defeat the Guises, Louis de Bourbon, prince de Condé and Huguenot leader, planned the conspiracy of Amboise (March 1560), an abortive coup d’etat in which some Huguenots surrounded the Château of Amboise and tried to seize the King. Francis was succeeded by his brother, Charles IX. The treaty became known as the Peace of Monsieur because it was thought that Francis had forced it on the crown.
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